APUSH Progressive Era Worksheet/Notes
Complete the following thoroughly. Answer the question, read/highlight information, give the definition/explanation and significance of the term/event.
The Early 1900’s
- Foreign Relations:
The Progressive Era (1901-1917)
- Important people (Names and significance):
Muckrakers:
- Definition:
- Frank Norris: The Octopus (1901), The Pit (1903)
- Attacked the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Chicago grain market.
- Ida M. Tarbell: History of the Standard Oil Company (1904)
- Condemned the practices of monopolistic corporations, specifically the Standard Oil Company.
- Lincoln Steffens: Shame of the Cities (1904)
- Exposed corruption in various municipal governments across the nation.
- Upton Sinclair: The Jungle (1906)
- Exposed conditions in the Chicago meat-packing industry.
- Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives (1890)
- He studied the living conditions in New York slums
- His work served as the basis for future muckraking journalism
Major Reforms:
- The Initiative, The Referendum, The Recall
- The Direct Primary
- Seventeenth Amendment(1913)
- Nineteenth Amendment(1920)
The Socialists
- Eugene V. Debs
-Goals?
Roosevelt’s Square Deal (What were the 3 C’s?)
- Election of 1904:
- Alton B. Parker (D)
- Theodore Roosevelt (R)
- Roosevelt carried every state outside the solid South and was elected president by an electoral vote of 336 to 140 for Parker
- Trusts and Railroads:
- Roosevelt was opposed to any program to destroy the trusts but advocated close governmental regulation of industry under the terms of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
- The Supreme Court handed down the “rule of reason,” holding that only those combinations that “unreasonably” restrained trade were illegal in 1911
- The Elkins Act (1903): intended to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Act, made it a crime for railroads to grant freight rates other than those which they have published.
- The Hepburn Act (1906): gave the Interstate Commerce Commission to power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction
- Conservation:
- The Newlands Act (1902): provided for the appropriation of most of the money received from the sale of public lands in the West and Southwest to finance the construction of irrigation projects
- Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres as timber reserves and also appointed the Internal Waterways Commission to promote irrigation projects
- In 1908 Roosevelt appointed the National Conservation Commission
- Consumer Protection:
- Scandal from supplying spoiled canned meat during the Spanish-American War and Upton Sinclair’s writings led to:
- Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): forbade the adulteration or fraudulent labeling of foods and drugs sold in interstate commerce
- The Meat Inspection Act (1908): supervision of conditions of sanitation in meat-packing firms engaged in interstate commerce and federal inspection of sold meat
- Significance and Impact:
- Roosevelt’s impact lay in his ability to arouse the people to an awareness of their civic duties, rather than in any notable progress toward social justice under his presidency
William Howard Taft
Election of 1908:
- Policies:
- Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy:
- Richard Ballinger restored 3 million acres to private use and Gifford Pinchot, the head of the Forest Service, was fired by Taft after much investigation and scandal
- Drove a wedge between Roosevelt and Taft, leading to further splitting of the Republican project
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire:
Wilson’s New Freedom
- The New Freedom:
- Domestic policy that sought to curb any business that enjoyed a monopoly and to restore an earlier condition of competition
- Once American involvement in WWI began, progressive activity virtually ceased
- Election of 1912
- Panic of 1907:
- The Underwood Tariff (1913): provided for the first substantial lowering of duties in over half a century; re-imposed the federal income tax and lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%
- The Federal Reserve Act (1913): created a flexible credit structure so that funds could be transferred promptly from one section of the nation to another and instituted an elastic currency system so that the supply of money could be expanded and contracted.
- established the Federal Reserve System
- The Federal Trade Commission Act (1914): established a five-member bipartisan commission to prevent interstate businesses from using unfair methods of competition
What was the significance of the Clayton Antitrust Act?
Aid to Labor:
- La Follette Seamen’s Act: required high standards of safety and sanitation and regulated the hours, food, and payment of wages to sailors
- The Adamson Act (1916): established the eight-hour workday
Foreign Policy:
- Roosevelt:
- Taft:
- Wilson:
Progressive Era Society
- Important People(Significance?)
- Reformers:
Progressive Era Culture:
World War I ( U.S. Involvement : ___________ to ___________)
Explain the events that led up to WWI:
a. Unrestricted submarine warfare
b. The Zimmerman note
c. The Sussex Affair
- National Security League, the American Defense Society, and the American Rights committee.
- Many organizations and leaders began to campaign for greater military readiness. Public opinion on military preparedness was mixed as some groups encouraged more armaments while others wanted neutrality and peace.
- Election of 1916:
- Woodrow Wilson (D)
- Charles Evans Hughes (R)
- Hughes was unable to take a firm stand on American foreign policy and was
portrayed as the “Sphinx” by cartoonists. The democrats proudly proclaimed “He kept us out of the war” and suggested that voting for Hughes would mean definite war. Wilson won most of the South and beat Hughes 277 to 254 electoral votes.
Politics During the War:
- Espionage & Sedition Acts(1917, 1918) :
- Wilson’s Fourteen Points:
Treaty of Versailles(1919):
- Ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers and required Germany to accept responsibility for causing the war, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay heavy reparations
- Lodge Reservations: Fourteen reservations that included the ability for the U.S. to leave the League of Nations and that mandates from the League could only be enacted if approved by the U.S. Congress. President Wilson fiercely opposed the reservations and urged supporters to vote against the treaty.
- The Senate voted on the Treaty on November 19, 1919 and the treaty was shot down due to Wilson’s supporters who rejected the Lodge Reservations.
The 1920’s : Return to Normalcy
- Election of 1920:
- The issue was American entry into the League of Nations
- The first election in which women were able to vote
- James M. Cox (D)
- Warren G. Harding “Dark Horse Candidate” (R)
- Harding’s great victory signified the public’s disapproval of the Wilson administration and their desire to have power transferred to the Republican party
- Warren G. Harding and his Cabinet
- Teapot Dome Scandal(1923 - 1929):
- Election of 1924:
- Calvin Coolidge (R)
- John W. Davis (D)
- Robert M. La Follette (Progressive)
- Landslide victory for Coolidge - big advantage to the Republicans were the prosperous times
- Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928):
- Declared that all signatories renounced war as an instrument of national policy and agreed to settle all disputes among themselves by peaceful means
- Proved ineffective because of the lack of enforcement
- Election of 1928:
- Herbert Hoover (R)
- Al Smith (D)
- Hoover enjoyed a landslide victory, winning the electoral votes of 40 states, because the American people were in no mood to break the great prosperity induced by Republican rule.
Domestic Issues
- Farmers:
- Tariffs
- Business
- Boom years included
- Decline in manufacturing costs
- Increased number of stockholders
- Proliferation of chain stores
- Extension of credit to customers
- Significant increase of wages in most industries
- Signs of danger
- Agricultural profits lagged far behind industrial profits
- Wages of factory workers were increasing but not nearly so rapidly as the prices of manufactured goods
- Factories and farms were producing more than American and foreign customers could buy, while the high tariff was curtailing overseas market
- Consumers were buying an increasing amount of goods on installment
- Large portion of the annual national income was being invested in highly speculative manufacturing, mining, and transportation enterprises
- Stock Market Crash !!!
Foreign Policy
- Nationalism and Isolationism:
- Anti-War Movements
Roaring 20’s
Minorities:
- Blacks
- Women
- Immigration
- The Literacy Test Act (1917): passed over Wilson’s veto, required immigrants to be able to read and write a language, whether English or another
- The Emergency Quota Act of 1921: limited immigration from Europe in any one year to 3% of the number of each nationality resident in the US according to the 1910 census
- The Quota Act of 1924: limited immigration from Europe in any one year to 2% of the number of each nationality resident in the US according to the census of 1890; drastically reduced the quotas of immigrants coming from eastern and southern Europe; totally prohibited immigration from Asia
- The National Origins Plan: total number of immigrants from outside the Western Hemisphere was restricted to appx. 150,000 annually; each country was given a quota based on the proportion that the number of persons of that “national origin” residing in the US bore to the total American population in 1920
Labor:
Prohibition
Eighteenth Amendment(1919) :
Twenty - First Amendment(1933) :
Antiradicalism
- The “Red Scare” :
- Ku Klux Klan
- Founded in Atlanta, Georgia in 1915 by William Joseph Simmons; took firm root in Deep South
- Drew membership from villages and small towns unaffected by immigration, industrialization, and liberal thought of modern America
- Anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, and antiforeigner sentiments added in the 1920s
- Became a force in the presidential races of 1924 and 1928
- At the height of its activity in the mid-1920’s, membership reached 4 million.
Religion:
Technology:
Medicine:
Psychoanalysis
- Viennese physician Sigmund Freud’s theories maintained that mental illness originated in the repression of sexuality and focused on investigating the subconscious
- Dream analysis and free association
- Significance
- Sex became a respectable topic for consideration
20’s Culture:
Literature (Realism and the Lost Generation)
- Sinclair Lewis
- Main Street (1920); Babbit (1922)
- F. Scott Fitzgerald
- This Side of Paradise (1920); The Great Gatsby (1925)
- Ernest Hemingway
- The Sun Also Rises (1926); A Farewell to Arms (1929)
- Theodore Dreiser
- An American Tragedy (1925)
- A man’s ruinous quest for wealth and social position
- Ezra Pound
- Cantos (1925), group of over 100 poems
- T.S. Eliot
- “The Wasteland” (1922)
- Pound and Eliot’s styles became standards for other poets, using intricate language and abstruse references
- decisive break with the content and form of the nineteenth-century poetry
- Eugene O’Neill
- Influential playwright who experimented with realism and naturalism to characterize American drama
- Harlem Renaissance:
- Music
- Motion Pictures
- Sports
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